Standards for Reporting Qualitative Research (SRQR)
Standar Pelaporan Penelitian Kualitatif (SRQR)

Reference:
O'Brien BC, Harris IB, Beckman TJ, Reed DA, Cook DA. Standards for Reporting Qualitative Research: A Synthesis of Recommendations. Academic Medicine, Vol. 89, No. 9, September 2014. DOI: 10.1097/ACM.0000000000000388
https://www1.racgp.org.au/getattachment/AJGP/Reviewers/Author-guidelines/SRQR_Checklist.pdf.aspx?lang=en-AU

These standards explain what information should be included when reporting a qualitative research study. Their goal is to improve clarity, transparency, and usefulness of qualitative research reports.

Title and Abstract

  1. Title
    The title should briefly describe what the study is about. It is recommended to clearly indicate that the study is qualitative, and if possible, name the qualitative approach (such as ethnography or grounded theory) or the data collection method (such as interviews or focus groups).
  2. Abstract
    The abstract should summarize the main parts of the study, following the format required by the journal or publisher. It usually includes background, purpose, methods, results, and conclusions.

Introduction

  1. Problem formulation
    Describe the problem or phenomenon being studied and explain why it is important. Include a review of relevant theories and previous research, and clearly state the problem.
  2. Purpose or research question
    Clearly state the purpose of the study and the specific research objectives or questions.

Methods

  1. Qualitative approach and research paradigm
    Describe the qualitative approach used (for example, ethnography, case study, phenomenology, or narrative research). If relevant, describe the guiding theory and the research paradigm (such as postpositivist or constructivist/interpretivist). Explain why these choices were made.
  2. Researcher characteristics and reflexivity
    Describe characteristics of the researchers that may influence the study, such as background, experience, assumptions, relationships with participants, or personal perspectives. Explain how these factors may affect the research questions, methods, findings, or how the results can be applied elsewhere.
  3. Context
    Describe the setting or site where the study took place and any important contextual factors. Explain why this context was chosen.
  4. Sampling strategy
    Explain how and why participants, documents, or events were selected. Describe how the researchers decided when to stop sampling (for example, when no new information was emerging). Explain the reasoning behind these choices.
  5. Ethical issues related to human subjects
    Document approval from an ethics review board and participant consent, or explain why approval or consent was not required. Describe how confidentiality and data security were handled.
  6. Data collection methods
    Describe the types of data collected and how data were collected. Include details such as start and end dates, whether data collection and analysis happened in stages, use of multiple sources or methods, and any changes made during the study as findings emerged. Explain the reasoning behind these methods.
  7. Data collection instruments and technologies
    Describe the tools and technologies used, such as interview guides, questionnaires, or recording devices. Explain whether and how these tools changed during the study.
  8. Units of study
    Report the number and key characteristics of participants, documents, or events included in the study. The level of participation can be described here or in the results section.
  9. Data processing
    Explain how data were handled before and during analysis, including transcription, data entry, storage and security, checking accuracy, coding, and removing identifying information.
  10. Data analysis
    Describe how themes, patterns, or interpretations were developed. Identify who was involved in the analysis and what analytic approach or framework was used. Explain why this approach was chosen.
  11. Techniques to enhance trustworthiness
    Describe methods used to improve the credibility of the analysis, such as member checking, audit trails, or triangulation. Explain why these techniques were selected.

Results / Findings

  1. Synthesis and interpretation
    Present the main findings, including interpretations, themes, or inferences. This may include developing a theory or model or linking findings to existing research or theory.
  2. Links to empirical data
    Provide evidence to support the findings, such as participant quotes, field notes, text excerpts, or images.

Discussion

  1. Integration with prior work, implications, transferability, and contributions
    Summarize the main findings and explain how they relate to previous research. Discuss how the findings support, extend, or challenge existing knowledge, where they may be applied, and what new contributions the study makes to the field.
  2. Limitations
    Discuss the limitations of the study and any factors that may affect the trustworthiness of the findings.

Other Information

  1. Conflicts of interest
    Identify any potential or perceived conflicts of interest and explain how they were managed.
  2. Funding
    List sources of funding or other support and describe the role of funders in data collection, analysis, interpretation, and reporting.

Background Notes

The SRQR was developed by reviewing existing qualitative research guidelines, examining reference lists, and consulting experts. Its purpose is to improve transparency in qualitative research reporting.

When providing a rationale, authors should briefly explain why specific theories, approaches, methods, or techniques were chosen instead of alternatives, what assumptions or limitations those choices involve, and how they affect conclusions and the ability to apply findings to other settings.

Standar ini menjelaskan informasi apa saja yang perlu disertakan ketika melaporkan sebuah penelitian kualitatif. Tujuannya adalah untuk meningkatkan kejelasan, transparansi, dan kualitas laporan penelitian kualitatif.

Judul dan Abstrak

  1. Judul
    Judul harus memberikan gambaran singkat dan jelas tentang sifat dan topik penelitian. Dianjurkan untuk menyebutkan bahwa penelitian bersifat kualitatif, serta pendekatan yang digunakan (misalnya etnografi atau grounded theory) atau metode pengumpulan data (misalnya wawancara atau diskusi kelompok terarah).
  2. Abstrak
    Abstrak harus merangkum unsur-unsur utama penelitian sesuai dengan format abstrak yang ditetapkan oleh jurnal atau penerbit. Biasanya mencakup latar belakang, tujuan, metode, hasil, dan kesimpulan.

Pendahuluan

  1. Perumusan masalah
    Jelaskan masalah atau fenomena yang diteliti serta alasan pentingnya penelitian tersebut. Sertakan tinjauan teori dan penelitian empiris yang relevan, serta pernyataan masalah yang jelas.
  2. Tujuan atau pertanyaan penelitian
    Nyatakan tujuan penelitian dan sasaran atau pertanyaan penelitian secara spesifik.

Metode

  1. Pendekatan kualitatif dan paradigma penelitian
    Jelaskan pendekatan kualitatif yang digunakan (misalnya etnografi, grounded theory, studi kasus, fenomenologi, atau penelitian naratif). Jika relevan, jelaskan teori yang menjadi landasan serta paradigma penelitian (misalnya postpositivis atau konstruktivis/interpretatif). Sertakan alasan pemilihan pendekatan dan paradigma tersebut.
  2. Karakteristik peneliti dan refleksivitas
    Jelaskan karakteristik peneliti yang dapat memengaruhi penelitian, seperti latar belakang pribadi, kualifikasi atau pengalaman, hubungan dengan partisipan, asumsi, atau prasangka. Jelaskan bagaimana faktor-faktor ini dapat memengaruhi pertanyaan penelitian, pendekatan, metode, hasil, atau keteralihan temuan.
  3. Konteks
    Jelaskan lokasi atau setting penelitian serta faktor kontekstual penting lainnya. Sertakan alasan pemilihan konteks tersebut.
  4. Strategi pengambilan sampel
    Jelaskan bagaimana dan mengapa partisipan, dokumen, atau peristiwa dipilih. Sertakan kriteria untuk menentukan kapan pengambilan sampel dihentikan (misalnya ketika kejenuhan data tercapai). Jelaskan alasan di balik strategi ini.
  5. Isu etika terkait subjek manusia
    Sertakan bukti persetujuan dari komite etik yang berwenang dan persetujuan partisipan, atau penjelasan jika persetujuan tersebut tidak diperlukan. Jelaskan pula langkah-langkah untuk menjaga kerahasiaan dan keamanan data.
  6. Metode pengumpulan data
    Jelaskan jenis data yang dikumpulkan dan prosedur pengumpulannya. Sertakan detail seperti tanggal mulai dan selesai pengumpulan serta analisis data, proses yang bersifat iteratif, penggunaan berbagai sumber atau metode (triangulasi), dan perubahan prosedur yang dilakukan seiring berkembangnya temuan penelitian. Sertakan alasan pemilihan metode tersebut.
  7. Instrumen dan teknologi pengumpulan data
    Jelaskan instrumen yang digunakan (misalnya panduan wawancara atau kuesioner) serta perangkat teknologi (misalnya perekam suara). Jelaskan apakah dan bagaimana instrumen tersebut berubah selama penelitian berlangsung.
  8. Unit penelitian
    Jelaskan jumlah serta karakteristik utama partisipan, dokumen, atau peristiwa yang disertakan dalam penelitian. Tingkat partisipasi dapat dilaporkan di bagian ini atau pada bagian hasil.
  9. Pengolahan data
    Jelaskan bagaimana data diproses sebelum dan selama analisis, termasuk transkripsi, entri data, pengelolaan dan keamanan data, pemeriksaan keakuratan data, pengodean, serta penghilangan atau penyamaran identitas.
  10. Analisis data
    Jelaskan proses analisis data, termasuk bagaimana tema, makna, atau inferensi dikembangkan dan siapa saja yang terlibat dalam analisis. Sebutkan pendekatan atau paradigma analisis yang digunakan serta alasan pemilihannya.
  11. Teknik untuk meningkatkan keandalan
    Jelaskan teknik yang digunakan untuk meningkatkan keandalan dan kredibilitas analisis, seperti pemeriksaan oleh partisipan (member checking), jejak audit, atau triangulasi. Sertakan alasan pemilihan teknik-teknik tersebut.

Hasil / Temuan

  1. Sintesis dan interpretasi
    Sajikan temuan utama penelitian, termasuk interpretasi, inferensi, dan tema. Bagian ini dapat mencakup pengembangan teori atau model, atau pengaitan temuan dengan penelitian atau teori sebelumnya.
  2. Keterkaitan dengan data empiris
    Sertakan bukti empiris untuk mendukung temuan analitis, seperti kutipan partisipan, catatan lapangan, potongan teks, atau gambar.

Diskusi

  1. Integrasi dengan penelitian sebelumnya, implikasi, keteralihan, dan kontribusi
    Ringkas temuan utama dan jelaskan bagaimana temuan serta kesimpulan penelitian terhubung dengan, mendukung, memperluas, atau menantang penelitian sebelumnya. Bahas cakupan penerapan atau generalisasi temuan, serta kontribusi unik penelitian terhadap bidang keilmuan.
  2. Keterbatasan
    Jelaskan keterbatasan penelitian dan faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi keandalan temuan.

Informasi Lain

  1. Konflik kepentingan
    Identifikasi potensi atau persepsi konflik kepentingan yang dapat memengaruhi pelaksanaan dan kesimpulan penelitian, serta jelaskan bagaimana konflik tersebut dikelola.
  2. Pendanaan
    Sebutkan sumber pendanaan atau dukungan lain yang diterima, serta peran pemberi dana dalam pengumpulan data, analisis, interpretasi, dan pelaporan hasil penelitian.

Catatan Latar Belakang

SRQR dikembangkan melalui penelusuran literatur untuk mengidentifikasi pedoman, standar pelaporan, dan kriteria penilaian kritis penelitian kualitatif, peninjauan daftar pustaka sumber-sumber terkait, serta konsultasi dengan para ahli. Tujuannya adalah meningkatkan transparansi dalam seluruh aspek pelaporan penelitian kualitatif.

Rasional yang disertakan sebaiknya secara singkat menjelaskan alasan pemilihan teori, pendekatan, metode, atau teknik tertentu dibandingkan alternatif lainnya, asumsi dan keterbatasan yang melekat pada pilihan tersebut, serta bagaimana pilihan tersebut memengaruhi kesimpulan dan keteralihan hasil penelitian. Jika sesuai, rasional untuk beberapa butir dapat dibahas bersama.

 

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